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Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky (or Vinogradskyi; (ウクライナ語:Сергій Миколайович Виноградський), (ロシア語:Серге́й Николаевич Виноградский); 1 September 1856 – 25 February 1953) was a Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle of life concept. Winogradsky discovered the first known form of lithotrophy during his research with ''Beggiatoa'' in 1887. He reported that ''Beggiatoa'' oxidized hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as an energy source and formed intracellular sulfur droplets. This research provided the first example of lithotrophy, but not autotrophy. His research on nitrifying bacteria would report the first known form of chemoautotrophy, showing how a lithotroph fixes carbon dioxide (CO2) to make organic compounds. ==Biography== Winogradsky was born in Kiev (then in the Russian Empire). In this early stage of his life, Winogradsky was "strictly devoted to the orthodox faith", though he later became irreligious.〔Waksman, Selman Abraham. 1953. ''Sergei N. Winogradsky: His Life and Work: The Story of a Great Bacteriologist''. Rutgers University Press. p. 4〕 He entered the Imperial Conservatoire of Music in St Petersburg in 1875 to study piano.〔 However, after two years of music training, he entered the University of Saint Petersburg in 1877 to study chemistry under Nikolai Menshchutkin and botany under Andrei Sergeevich Famintzin.〔 He received a diploma in 1881 and stayed at the St. Petersburg University for a degree of master of science in botany in 1884. In 1885, he began work at the University of Strasbourg under the renowned botanist Anton de Bary; Winogradsky became renowned for his work on sulfur bacteria. In 1888, he relocated to Zurich, where he began investigation into the process of nitrification, identifying the genera ''Nitrosomonas'' and ''Nitrosococcus'', which oxidizes ammonium to nitrite, and ''Nitrobacter'', which oxidizes nitrite to nitrate. He returned to St. Petersburg for the period 1891–1905, and headed the division of general microbiology of the Institute of Experimental Medicine; during this period, he identified the obligate anaerobe ''Clostridium pasteurianum'', which is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. In 1901, he was elected honorary member of the Moscow Society of Naturalists and, in 1902, corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences. He retired from active scientific work in 1905, dividing his time between his private estate and Switzerland. In 1922, he accepted an invitation to head the division of agricultural bacteriology at the Pasteur Institute at an experimental station at Brie-Comte-Robert, France, about 30 km from Paris. During this period, he worked on a number of topics, among them iron bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, nitrogen fixation by ''Azotobacter'', cellulose-decomposing bacteria, and culture methods for soil microorganisms. Winogradsky retired from active life in 1940 and died in Brie-Comte-Robert in 1953. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sergei Winogradsky」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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